Sunday, March 20, 2011

My own personal model..! ;)




Chemical Engineering and its allied branches are mostly concerned with the design, development and operation of process equipments. Training to be a Chemical Engineer requires us to learn about a lot of process equipments viz heat exchangers, distillation columns, condensers , evaporators, absorption towers and many more and also about a various accessories and control systems used in the equipments and processes. Among all these, designing of process equipments is a really interesting subject. Depending upon the process that has to be carried out, and taking into account various physicochemical properties of the components involved and the operating as well as the environmental conditions, the process equipments are designed accordingly. Now the first step of designing involves identification of the process, the properties of the components involved and the material to be used. Then we have to make mathematical calculations accordingly in order to come up with the suitable dimensions for the process equipment. Once it is done, a drawing is prepared manually or by using computer based software and in the end the equipment is fabricated.

One can improve his skills and understanding of the process equipment design and fabrication by constructing small scale models out of cardboard or wood. There was one such competition organized in our college in which I happened to participate. It was an inter-collegiate competition with teams coming from different colleges and we had around 25 teams competing and the rules demanded each team to have a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 3 members. Each team was allowed to choose a paper with the information regarding the equipment model they were supposed to construct. We got 1-1 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger which we started designing at once without wasting much time. Once you get involved into it, you won’t feel the time passing by and once the model is finished you realize that you had been working continuously for hours. And being the first time for us, we did face some issues and had to rework few calculations and get the dimensions right but in the end we managed to finish it. It was in no way a perfect model but it was close to perfect and after the review of the models the judgment was passed and the 1st place went to a similar model from a different college..! I strongly felt that we deserved the 2nd or the 3rd place after looking at the other models which won the prize. But no worries, as long as we were satisfied by our performance and this being the first time we had participated in such an event, we can always improve , do better and hopefully win prizes in the future. But the bottom line is that I enjoyed every moment of it and that’s what matters.

The water we drink.












Bangalore is a city which is growing very fast, thanks to the influx of people from all over the world, for it has made a name as the Education and IT hub of the country. One can find people of all kinds of ethnicity and religion on the streets of Bangalore. And guess what, the probability of you finding a person who shares the local tongue and dialect is very less, not to mention a particular category of people who fake their ignorance of the local language.

The point I am trying to make is that being a rapidly growing city in terms of area as well as population, Bangalore has got its share of problems. Some of the problems everyone experience is traffic, then comes water, power and also the ever increasing cost of living. There are times when the water supply won’t be regular; sometimes people may have to manage without the regular water supply by the municipal body. When we face these kinds of problems, it is a natural reaction for the citizens to get angry and blame the water supply board. Even I was among one of them until recently but my views changed a bit after I visited the water treatment and pumping station run by Bangalore Water Supply and Sewage Board (BWSSB) which is the government body which is responsible for the water supply and other related operation.

The water we get in the taps is sourced from the river Cauvery which is one of the major rivers in the country and flows across the southern Deccan plateau. This water treatment and pumping station is about 85kms away from the city and the river flows another 20 -25kms away from this. The water from the river is diverted from Shiva Anicut (Dam/ reservoir) which is situated near Shivanasamudra which is known for being the first hydroelectric power station in Asia. The water diverted from there makes use of the height (head) difference and flows until it reaches the Netkal Balancing Reservoir (NBR) from where it flows to the treatment plant situated in T.K halli (Torekadahalli) which is 9kms away from the NBR. In the T.K Halli facility, they treat the raw water from the NBR and then is pumped further towards the city. This facility is the first pumping station along the supply line which is followed by 2 more pumping stations before the water reaches Bangalore. This plant has 4 stages and the 5th one is under construction. The first stage, commissioned in the year 1974 has an output of 135 MLD, the second stage commissioned in 1982 has the same output of 135 MLD. Third stage came into operation in 1993 and has the capacity of around 330-350 MLD and the most recent one being the stage 4 plant, which started in 2002 operates at 330 MLD at the moment.

I had the privilege to visit the stage 4 plant recently and was surprised to find the whole operation automated and they recover as much water as possible during the operation of this plant. The water flows in from NBR and it is subjected to aeration in a cascade aerator where the water is made to flow down stepwise and this improves the contact with the atmospheric oxygen and brings about aeration. This aerated water then flows to the next section of the plant where it is subjected to pre chlorination. The chlorine gas is mixed with liquid phase (water) and is fed to the pre chlorination section. The chlorine levels are maintained at 1 ppm in order to bring about the disinfection of water. Then the raw chlorinated water is checked for turbidity and pH. This water source is found to have a constant pH of 8, so eliminating the need to regulate the pH but still the checks are carried to for variations. The turbidity is treated by using alum as a flocculating agent. The dosage of alum depends upon the turbidity of water. Compared to summer, the turbidity will be more in rainy season. This alum brings about flocculation of the suspended solids in water and in turn undergoes sedimentation in the pulsator clarifiers where the water is retained for around 20 minutes or more depending upon the amount of suspended particles present. The clean water obtained is made to flow into the filtration section where it gets filtered in Rapid sand filters. Once the filtration is done the water flows to the pumping station from where it is pumped towards Bangalore. The sludge formed in the clarifiers are pumped into a Sludge thickener where the sludge is thickened and the remaining water is removed and pumped back to the first step of treatment process again. The filters are backwashed once after every shift using air and water at pressure from below. The plant operates round the clock with three 8 hour shifts per day.

The treated water is again recharged with chlorine and pumped using huge centrifugal pumps. The water pumped has to pass through 2 more pumping stations before it reaches the city. The water is recharged with chlorine at every station and again once in the city before distribution. The water from all the 4 stages of this plant amounting to around 950 MLD is pumped using around 20 pumps making this the main source of water for the city. Around 190 MLD is sourced from one more river Arkavathy through another 2 pumping stations situated in Hesarghatta and T.G Halli near Bangalore.

That was a detailed description of the things I managed to remember, and the engineer there also made it a point to inform us that in case if they have to carry out any maintenance work, the plant has to be shut for a day or so, and this leads to a drastic reduction in the amount of water pumped and hence the interruption of regular supply of water in many areas of Bangalore.

But can’t we make use of the recycled/treated water from many sewage treatment plants set up in and around Bangalore to meet our non-potable requirements and reduce the demand thereby conserving water and saving the energy required to purify and pump water from far off places?? Think about it and work towards it.

Monday, March 14, 2011

'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'

As mentioned in the previous post, 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' is a longest major poem written by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, an English poet and was published in the year 1798 for the first time. This is a great piece of work which relates the events experienced by a mariner who has returned back from a very long voyage. It is a very long poem and goes like this:








It is an ancient Mariner,
And he stoppeth one of three.
'By thy long grey beard and glittering eye,
Now wherefore stopp'st thou me?

The bridegroom's doors are opened wide,
And I am next of kin;
The guests are met, the feast is set:
Mayst hear the merry din.'

He holds him with his skinny hand,
"There was a ship," quoth he.
'Hold off! unhand me, grey-beard loon!'
Eftsoons his hand dropped he.

He holds him with his glittering eye—
The Wedding-Guest stood still,
And listens like a three years' child:
The Mariner hath his will.

The Wedding-Guest sat on a stone:
He cannot choose but hear;
And thus spake on that ancient man,
The bright-eyed Mariner.

"The ship was cheered, the harbour cleared,
Merrily did we drop
Below the kirk, below the hill,
Below the lighthouse top.

The sun came up upon the left,
Out of the sea came he!
And he shone bright, and on the right
Went down into the sea.

Higher and higher every day,
Till over the mast at noon—"
The Wedding-Guest here beat his breast,
For he heard the loud bassoon.

The bride hath paced into the hall,
Red as a rose is she;
Nodding their heads before her goes
The merry minstrelsy.

The Wedding-Guest he beat his breast,
Yet he cannot choose but hear;
And thus spake on that ancient man,
The bright-eyed Mariner.

"And now the storm-blast came, and he
Was tyrannous and strong:
He struck with his o'ertaking wings,
And chased us south along.

With sloping masts and dipping prow,
As who pursued with yell and blow
Still treads the shadow of his foe,
And foward bends his head,
The ship drove fast, loud roared the blast,
And southward aye we fled.

And now there came both mist and snow,
And it grew wondrous cold:
And ice, mast-high, came floating by,
As green as emerald.

And through the drifts the snowy clifts
Did send a dismal sheen:
Nor shapes of men nor beasts we ken—
The ice was all between.

The ice was here, the ice was there,
The ice was all around:
It cracked and growled, and roared and howled,
Like noises in a swound!

At length did cross an Albatross,
Thorough the fog it came;
As it had been a Christian soul,
We hailed it in God's name.

It ate the food it ne'er had eat,
And round and round it flew.
The ice did split with a thunder-fit;
The helmsman steered us through!

And a good south wind sprung up behind;
The Albatross did follow,
And every day, for food or play,
Came to the mariner's hollo!

In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud,
It perched for vespers nine;
Whiles all the night, through fog-smoke white,
Glimmered the white moonshine."

'God save thee, ancient Mariner,
From the fiends that plague thee thus!—
Why look'st thou so?'—"With my crossbow
I shot the Albatross."


Part II

"The sun now rose upon the right:
Out of the sea came he,
Still hid in mist, and on the left
Went down into the sea.

And the good south wind still blew behind,
But no sweet bird did follow,
Nor any day for food or play
Came to the mariners' hollo!

And I had done a hellish thing,
And it would work 'em woe:
For all averred, I had killed the bird
That made the breeze to blow.
Ah wretch! said they, the bird to slay,
That made the breeze to blow!

Nor dim nor red, like God's own head,
The glorious sun uprist:
Then all averred, I had killed the bird
That brought the fog and mist.
'Twas right, said they, such birds to slay,
That bring the fog and mist.

The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,
The furrow followed free;
We were the first that ever burst
Into that silent sea.

Down dropped the breeze, the sails dropped down,
'Twas sad as sad could be;
And we did speak only to break
The silence of the sea!

All in a hot and copper sky,
The bloody sun, at noon,
Right up above the mast did stand,
No bigger than the moon.

Day after day, day after day,
We stuck, nor breath nor motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.

Water, water, every where,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, every where,
Nor any drop to drink.

The very deep did rot: O Christ!
That ever this should be!
Yea, slimy things did crawl with legs
Upon the slimy sea.

About, about, in reel and rout
The death-fires danced at night;
The water, like a witch's oils,
Burnt green, and blue, and white.

And some in dreams assured were
Of the Spirit that plagued us so;
Nine fathom deep he had followed us
From the land of mist and snow.

And every tongue, through utter drought,
Was withered at the root;
We could not speak, no more than if
We had been choked with soot.

Ah! well-a-day! what evil looks
Had I from old and young!
Instead of the cross, the Albatross
About my neck was hung."


Part III

"There passed a weary time. Each throat
Was parched, and glazed each eye.
A weary time! a weary time!
How glazed each weary eye—
When looking westward, I beheld
A something in the sky.

At first it seemed a little speck,
And then it seemed a mist;
It moved and moved, and took at last
A certain shape, I wist.

A speck, a mist, a shape, I wist!
And still it neared and neared:
As if it dodged a water-sprite,
It plunged and tacked and veered.

With throats unslaked, with black lips baked,
We could nor laugh nor wail;
Through utter drought all dumb we stood!
I bit my arm, I sucked the blood,
And cried, A sail! a sail!

With throats unslaked, with black lips baked,
Agape they heard me call:
Gramercy! they for joy did grin,
And all at once their breath drew in,
As they were drinking all.

See! see! (I cried) she tacks no more!
Hither to work us weal;
Without a breeze, without a tide,
She steadies with upright keel!

The western wave was all a-flame,
The day was well nigh done!
Almost upon the western wave
Rested the broad bright sun;
When that strange shape drove suddenly
Betwixt us and the sun.

And straight the sun was flecked with bars,
(Heaven's Mother send us grace!)
As if through a dungeon-grate he peered
With broad and burning face.

Alas! (thought I, and my heart beat loud)
How fast she nears and nears!
Are those her sails that glance in the sun,
Like restless gossameres?

Are those her ribs through which the sun
Did peer, as through a grate?
And is that Woman all her crew?
Is that a Death? and are there two?
Is Death that Woman's mate?

Her lips were red, her looks were free,
Her locks were yellow as gold:
Her skin was as white as leprosy,
The Nightmare Life-in-Death was she,
Who thicks man's blood with cold.

The naked hulk alongside came,
And the twain were casting dice;
'The game is done! I've won! I've won!'
Quoth she, and whistles thrice.

The sun's rim dips; the stars rush out:
At one stride comes the dark;
With far-heard whisper o'er the sea,
Off shot the spectre-bark.

We listened and looked sideways up!
Fear at my heart, as at a cup,
My life-blood seemed to sip!
The stars were dim, and thick the night,
The steersman's face by his lamp gleamed white;
From the sails the dew did drip—
Till clomb above the eastern bar
The horned moon, with one bright star
Within the nether tip.

One after one, by the star-dogged moon,
Too quick for groan or sigh,
Each turned his face with a ghastly pang,
And cursed me with his eye.

Four times fifty living men,
(And I heard nor sigh nor groan)
With heavy thump, a lifeless lump,
They dropped down one by one.

The souls did from their bodies fly,—
They fled to bliss or woe!
And every soul it passed me by,
Like the whizz of my crossbow!"


Part IV

'I fear thee, ancient Mariner!
I fear thy skinny hand!
And thou art long, and lank, and brown,
As is the ribbed sea-sand.

I fear thee and thy glittering eye,
And thy skinny hand, so brown.'—
"Fear not, fear not, thou Wedding-Guest!
This body dropped not down.

Alone, alone, all, all alone,
Alone on a wide wide sea!
And never a saint took pity on
My soul in agony.

The many men, so beautiful!
And they all dead did lie;
And a thousand thousand slimy things
Lived on; and so did I.

I looked upon the rotting sea,
And drew my eyes away;
I looked upon the rotting deck,
And there the dead men lay.

I looked to heaven, and tried to pray;
But or ever a prayer had gusht,
A wicked whisper came and made
My heart as dry as dust.

I closed my lids, and kept them close,
And the balls like pulses beat;
Forthe sky and the sea, and the sea and the sky,
Lay like a load on my weary eye,
And the dead were at my feet.

The cold sweat melted from their limbs,
Nor rot nor reek did they:
The look with which they looked on me
Had never passed away.

An orphan's curse would drag to hell
A spirit from on high;
But oh! more horrible than that
Is the curse in a dead man's eye!
Seven days, seven nights, I saw that curse,
And yet I could not die.

The moving moon went up the sky,
And no where did abide:
Softly she was going up,
And a star or two beside—

Her beams bemocked the sultry main,
Like April hoar-frost spread;
But where the ship's huge shadow lay,
The charmed water burnt alway
A still and awful red.

Beyond the shadow of the ship
I watched the water-snakes:
They moved in tracks of shining white,
And when they reared, the elfish light
Fell off in hoary flakes.

Within the shadow of the ship
I watched their rich attire:
Blue, glossy green, and velvet black,
They coiled and swam; and every track
Was a flash of golden fire.

O happy living things! no tongue
Their beauty might declare:
A spring of love gushed from my heart,
And I blessed them unaware:
Sure my kind saint took pity on me,
And I blessed them unaware.

The selfsame moment I could pray;
And from my neck so free
The Albatross fell off, and sank
Like lead into the sea."


Part V

"Oh sleep! it is a gentle thing,
Beloved from pole to pole!
To Mary Queen the praise be given!
She sent the gentle sleep from heaven,
That slid into my soul.

The silly buckets on the deck,
That had so long remained,
I dreamt that they were filled with dew;
And when I awoke, it rained.

My lips were wet, my throat was cold,
My garments all were dank;
Sure I had drunken in my dreams,
And still my body drank.

I moved, and could not feel my limbs:
I was so light—almost
I thought that I had died in sleep,
And was a blessed ghost.

And soon I heard a roaring wind:
It did not come anear;
But with its sound it shook the sails,
That were so thin and sere.

The upper air burst into life!
And a hundred fire-flags sheen,
To and fro they were hurried about!
And to and fro, and in and out,
The wan stars danced between.

And the coming wind did roar more loud,
And the sails did sigh like sedge;
And the rain poured down from one black cloud;
The moon was at its edge.

The thick black cloud was cleft, and still
The moon was at its side:
Like waters shot from some high crag,
The lightning fell with never a jag,
A river steep and wide.

The loud wind never reached the ship,
Yet now the ship moved on!
Beneath the lightning and the moon
The dead men gave a groan.

They groaned, they stirred, they all uprose,
Nor spake, nor moved their eyes;
It had been strange, even in a dream,
To have seen those dead men rise.

The helmsman steered, the ship moved on;
Yet never a breeze up blew;
The mariners all 'gan work the ropes,
Where they were wont to do;
They raised their limbs like lifeless tools—
We were a ghastly crew.

The body of my brother's son
Stood by me, knee to knee:
The body and I pulled at one rope,
But he said nought to me."

'I fear thee, ancient Mariner!'
"Be calm, thou Wedding-Guest!
'Twas not those souls that fled in pain,
Which to their corses came again,
But a troop of spirits blest:

For when it dawned—they dropped their arms,
And clustered round the mast;
Sweet sounds rose slowly through their mouths,
And from their bodies passed.

Around, around, flew each sweet sound,
Then darted to the sun;
Slowly the sounds came back again,
Now mixed, now one by one.

Sometimes a-dropping from the sky
I heard the skylark sing;
Sometimes all little birds that are,
How they seemed to fill the sea and air
With their sweet jargoning!

And now 'twas like all instruments,
Now like a lonely flute;
And now it is an angel's song,
That makes the heavens be mute.

It ceased; yet still the sails made on
A pleasant noise till noon,
A noise like of a hidden brook
In the leafy month of June,
That to the sleeping woods all night
Singeth a quiet tune.

Till noon we quietly sailed on,
Yet never a breeze did breathe;
Slowly and smoothly went the ship,
Moved onward from beneath.

Under the keel nine fathom deep,
From the land of mist and snow,
The spirit slid: and it was he
That made the ship to go.
The sails at noon left off their tune,
And the ship stood still also.

The sun, right up above the mast,
Had fixed her to the ocean:
But in a minute she 'gan stir,
With a short uneasy motion—
Backwards and forwards half her length
With a short uneasy motion.

Then like a pawing horse let go,
She made a sudden bound:
It flung the blood into my head,
And I fell down in a swound.

How long in that same fit I lay,
I have not to declare;
But ere my living life returned,
I heard and in my soul discerned
Two voices in the air.

'Is it he?' quoth one, 'Is this the man?
By him who died on cross,
With his cruel bow he laid full low
The harmless Albatross.

The spirit who bideth by himself
In the land of mist and snow,
He loved the bird that loved the man
Who shot him with his bow.'

The other was a softer voice,
As soft as honey-dew:
Quoth he, 'The man hath penance done,
And penance more will do.'


Part VI

First Voice

But tell me, tell me! speak again,
Thy soft response renewing—
What makes that ship drive on so fast?
What is the ocean doing?

Second Voice

Still as a slave before his lord,
The ocean hath no blast;
His great bright eye most silently
Up to the moon is cast—

If he may know which way to go;
For she guides him smooth or grim.
See, brother, see! how graciously
She looketh down on him.

First Voice

But why drives on that ship so fast,
Without or wave or wind?

Second Voice

The air is cut away before,
And closes from behind.

Fly, brother, fly! more high, more high!
Or we shall be belated:
For slow and slow that ship will go,
When the Mariner's trance is abated.

"I woke, and we were sailing on
As in a gentle weather:
'Twas night, calm night, the moon was high;
The dead men stood together.

All stood together on the deck,
For a charnel-dungeon fitter:
All fixed on me their stony eyes,
That in the moon did glitter.

The pang, the curse, with which they died,
Had never passed away:
I could not draw my eyes from theirs,
Nor turn them up to pray.

And now this spell was snapped: once more
I viewed the ocean green,
And looked far forth, yet little saw
Of what had else been seen—

Like one that on a lonesome road
Doth walk in fear and dread,
And having once turned round walks on,
And turns no more his head;
Because he knows a frightful fiend
Doth close behind him tread.

But soon there breathed a wind on me,
Nor sound nor motion made:
Its path was not upon the sea,
In ripple or in shade.

It raised my hair, it fanned my cheek
Like a meadow-gale of spring—
It mingled strangely with my fears,
Yet it felt like a welcoming.

Swiftly, swiftly flew the ship,
Yet she sailed softly too:
Sweetly, sweetly blew the breeze—
On me alone it blew.

Oh! dream of joy! is this indeed
The lighthouse top I see?
Is this the hill? is this the kirk?
Is this mine own country?

We drifted o'er the harbour-bar,
And I with sobs did pray—
O let me be awake, my God!
Or let me sleep alway.

The harbour-bay was clear as glass,
So smoothly it was strewn!
And on the bay the moonlight lay,
And the shadow of the moon.

The rock shone bright, the kirk no less,
That stands above the rock:
The moonlight steeped in silentness
The steady weathercock.

And the bay was white with silent light,
Till rising from the same,
Full many shapes, that shadows were,
In crimson colours came.

A little distance from the prow
Those crimson shadows were:
I turned my eyes upon the deck—
Oh, Christ! what saw I there!

Each corse lay flat, lifeless and flat,
And, by the holy rood!
A man all light, a seraph-man,
On every corse there stood.

This seraph-band, each waved his hand:
It was a heavenly sight!
They stood as signals to the land,
Each one a lovely light;

This seraph-band, each waved his hand,
No voice did they impart—
No voice; but oh! the silence sank
Like music on my heart.

But soon I heard the dash of oars,
I heard the Pilot's cheer;
My head was turned perforce away,
And I saw a boat appear.

The Pilot and the Pilot's boy,
I heard them coming fast:
Dear Lord in heaven! it was a joy
The dead men could not blast.

I saw a third—I heard his voice:
It is the Hermit good!
He singeth loud his godly hymns
That he makes in the wood.
He'll shrieve my soul, he'll wash away
The Albatross's blood."


Part VII

"This Hermit good lives in that wood
Which slopes down to the sea.
How loudly his sweet voice he rears!
He loves to talk with marineers
That come from a far country.

He kneels at morn, and noon, and eve—
He hath a cushion plump:
It is the moss that wholly hides
The rotted old oak-stump.

The skiff-boat neared: I heard them talk,
'Why, this is strange, I trow!
Where are those lights so many and fair,
That signal made but now?'

'Strange, by my faith!' the Hermit said—
'And they answered not our cheer!
The planks looked warped! and see those sails,
How thin they are and sere!
I never saw aught like to them,
Unless perchance it were

Brown skeletons of leaves that lag
My forest-brook along;
When the ivy-tod is heavy with snow,
And the owlet whoops to the wolf below,
That eats the she-wolf's young.'

'Dear Lord! it hath a fiendish look—
(The Pilot made reply)
I am afeared'—'Push on, push on!'
Said the Hermit cheerily.

The boat came closer to the ship,
But I nor spake nor stirred;
The boat came close beneath the ship,
And straight a sound was heard.

Under the water it rumbled on,
Still louder and more dread:
It reached the ship, it split the bay;
The ship went down like lead.

Stunned by that loud and dreadful sound,
Which sky and ocean smote,
Like one that hath been seven days drowned
My body lay afloat;
But swift as dreams, myself I found
Within the Pilot's boat.

Upon the whirl where sank the ship
The boat spun round and round;
And all was still, save that the hill
Was telling of the sound.

I moved my lips—the Pilot shrieked
And fell down in a fit;
The holy Hermit raised his eyes,
And prayed where he did sit.

I took the oars: the Pilot's boy,
Who now doth crazy go,
Laughed loud and long, and all the while
His eyes went to and fro.
'Ha! ha!' quoth he, 'full plain I see,
The Devil knows how to row.'

And now, all in my own country,
I stood on the firm land!
The Hermit stepped forth from the boat,
And scarcely he could stand.

O shrieve me, shrieve me, holy man!
The Hermit crossed his brow.
'Say quick,' quoth he 'I bid thee say—
What manner of man art thou?'

Forthwith this frame of mine was wrenched
With a woeful agony,
Which forced me to begin my tale;
And then it left me free.

Since then, at an uncertain hour,
That agony returns;
And till my ghastly tale is told,
This heart within me burns.

I pass, like night, from land to land;
I have strange power of speech;
That moment that his face I see,
I know the man that must hear me:
To him my tale I teach.

What loud uproar bursts from that door!
The wedding-guests are there:
But in the garden-bower the bride
And bride-maids singing are;
And hark the little vesper bell,
Which biddeth me to prayer!

O Wedding-Guest! this soul hath been
Alone on a wide wide sea:
So lonely 'twas, that God himself
Scarce seemed there to be.

O sweeter than the marriage-feast,
'Tis sweeter far to me,
To walk together to the kirk
With a goodly company!—

To walk together to the kirk,
And all together pray,
While each to his great Father bends,
Old men, and babes, and loving friends,
And youths and maidens gay!

Farewell, farewell! but this I tell
To thee, thou Wedding-Guest!
He prayeth well, who loveth well
Both man and bird and beast.

He prayeth best, who loveth best
All things both great and small;
For the dear God who loveth us,
He made and loveth all."

The Mariner, whose eye is bright,
Whose beard with age is hoar,
Is gone; and now the Wedding-Guest
Turned from the bridegroom's door.

He went like one that hath been stunned,
And is of sense forlorn:
A sadder and a wiser man
He rose the morrow morn.

Didn't I say that it is a very long poem?? but indeed a great piece of work and a great story .

Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink.



























"Day after day, day after day,
We stuck, nor breath nor motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.

Water, water, everywhere,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, everywhere,
Nor any drop to drink."


These are few lines out of 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner' (The full poem can be read in the next post) by an English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge. There is water everywhere in the ocean not of any use for it is too salty to be drunk. But the times are changing and it is possible that the water we drink in the future has to come from these oceans itself.
Water, its importance, the impending water crisis and few possible solutions were discussed in the 'International Summit on Water' held recently in Bangalore which I had the privilege to attend and here follows the overview of what I saw there.


Everyone knows that water is one of the most essential resources on this earth and it is very much required to sustain life on this planet. More than 70% of our planet surface is covered by water giving the name ‘Blue Planet’ to Earth. Out of this 70% of the total water, 97% is in the oceans and the remaining 3% is fresh water out of which 1% is available for use and the other 2% is locked in the glaciers and icecaps. The amount of fresh water is limited but whereas the demand for the same is growing in an exponential rate with the increase in the population and industrialization. Satisfying the demand is a major concern and over that, the sources of fresh water are constantly being polluted by the careless actions of man. The rapid rate of industrialization, urbanization and ever increasing population is the main reason for it.

The present day scenario calls for drastic steps to be taken in order to maintain the availability of water to everyone and also to conserve this precious resource. At this rate it is said water will switch places with petroleum to be called as ‘liquid gold’ in the near future and the most probable cause for the next world war will be water. To prevent this situation, we have to divert our attention towards the methods and possibilities of making efficient use of the scientific and natural resources available and come up with come answer and the solutions we have come up with are desalination and waste water treatment. There are many technologies being developed and few of them are already operational.

The International Water Summit 2011 is an initiative which provided the platform for the people working with these technologies can come together, exchange the thoughts, ideas, research work and also to create awareness among the people. This summit was organized by Indian Water Works Association [IWWA] which is a voluntary body of professionals who are concerned and connected with water supply for municipal, industrial, agricultural uses and treatment and disposal of waste water along with MECON which is a premier engineering company, a Government of India PSU who are also responsible for the construction of a 100 MLD desalination plant in Chennai in collaboration with ADECO.

International Summit on Water was a 2 day event held in NIMHANS Convention Centre, Bangalore on the 11th and 12th of February 2011. This summit focused on the 2 major areas of Desalination and Waste water treatment. This summit had more than 20 delegates from different institutes and organizations from across the globe presenting their papers.

There were many papers on Desalination technology and the projects being underway in various parts of the world, including the methods being utilized in the construction of the sea water Reverse Osmosis System to obtain desalinated water and also different purification and pretreatment methods studied in order to cater the demand during the upcoming Olympics in London. There were also representatives from the companies like Hyflux who manufacture equipments for SWRO plants discussing about the various pretreatment methods being used which is generally ultra filtration and the various types of filter cartridges available along with their lifespan. Mr. Dong Fei Li also compared the different types of desalination technologies used namely SWRO, MSF (Multistage Flash Distillation) and MED (Multiple Effect Distillation) and reasoning why SWRO is better than the other 2 process in terms of energy consumption and material costs. The plants having largest desalination capacity are situated in Asia at present and one such plant is SingSpring plant situated in Singapore which was presented as a case study.

The Desalination processes consumes a lot of energy and minimizing the energy consumption as much as possible makes the process more economical and in order to minimize the energy consumption, energy recovery devices like pressure exchangers (PX) are used. These PXs are installed in the flow system and it utilizes the energy from the high pressure reject steam to pressurize the cool inlet stream. The principle of working of these Energy Recovery Devices (ERD) and the various models available were made known by Mr.Madurakavi Kumar from Energy Recovery Inc.

There were papers which dealt with the recent trends and the development of the desalination technology in India and with specific reference to a MED plant in Gujarat and also the projects being undertaken by WABAG INDIA in Chennai. Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kallapakam is a Nuclear Installation under the Department of Atomic Energy, GOI and they have also set up a hybrid SWRO/MSD desalination plant to meet their year round requirement of fresh water and also make use of the high temperature steam generated by the power plant.

There are various programs which are designed for automation and monitoring of the SWRO plants which make the maintenance of these plants easier thereby making it possible to keep it operational round the year except for periodic maintenance when required. And the maintenance and automation solutions are supplied by ABB through their OPTIMAX Membrane Performance solutions.

It is a well known phenomenon that as the pressure decreases, the boiling point of the liquids will also decrease and by making use of this phenomenon the people at National Institute of Ocean Technology, Chennai have come up with an efficient plan of desalinating sea water. Now coming to industries, boilers are an integral part of many industries and these boilers need feed water , and for continuous operation they need hundreds of gallons of water free from salts as the salts may lead to scaling in the boilers and procuring fresh water from natural sources is not always a viable option so in order to overcome this, BHEL, Ranipet has set up a RO-DM plant to treat the agricultural runoff water and utilize it as feed water for boilers thus cleaning up the Agricultural run-off water which will be having high levels of colloids, minerals, pathogens along with fertilizers and pesticides and also making efficient use of the water resources. Here they pump and store the agriculture run-off water in a pond and later is subjected to a series of operations which include clarifying and filtering through a series of Pressure Sand Filters (PSF) and Activated Carbon Filters (ACF) and later subjecting it to RO process and further treatments.

The Desalination plants do have few effects on the ecosystem and nature due to the production of heat as well as concentrated brine which is again let out to the sea which causes variations in the density, temperature and salinity of the sea water in those areas of discharge which needs to be evaluated and corrective measures taken.

As the population increases the amount of sewage produced also increases and it is necessary to treat the sewage and make use of the treated water for indirect potable use and Pall has come up with Aria series of microfiltration modules which has been approved by the California Health Dept and is being used for municipal water recycling. Right now this process is in place in the state of California, USA and the water produced is used of irrigation, as boiler feed and also supplied to University of California, Davis for various needs. MF procedure is also used for secondary treatment of waste water before letting it out into the rivers. This is found to be a very cost effective procedure.

Steel industry is one of the biggest consumers of industrial water and as the supply of fresh water is drying up, the steel industry is now facing the dual challenge of increasing production and reducing consumption of water. This is only possible when wastewater is recycled after treatment and near-zero discharge level is achieved and consumption of water per unit of steel production is minimized. These challenges can be effectively addressed by properly using existing knowledge of water and wastewater treatment and simultaneously adopting emerging technologies.

Along with these there were also discussions and presentations regarding the studies and steps taken by BWSSB for monitoring and removal of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDC) present in water by adsorption, advanced chemical oxidation and other membrane processes. The initiative taken by the Jayadeva Institute of Cardiology to use treated water wherever possible by setting up a treatment plant in their backyard was also one of the interesting topic.

The new thing under development in the process industries is known as ZLD or Zero Liquid Discharge processes, which are being developed and studied by various industries in India and around the world. Apart from all these, there were also discussions regarding the recent emerging trends in the field of municipal waste water treatment, reducing the production of waste water by making use of water efficient systems in day to day life and also usage of modern nanofiltration techniques for water purification and various methods for recovery of certain metals and also petroleum residues from the waste water.

This summit addressed almost all the major water issues being faced at present and near future and also the steps that has to be taken in order to prevent the water crisis. Apart from desalination and waste water treatment, using water judiciously and conserving it will solve half of the problems regarding water shortage.

Now, I did learn something or rather many things out of this summit. Should make it a point to attend more of these kind of things.


Tuesday, December 21, 2010

Stronger than Steel..!!


On 16th Dec 2010, I had the most fascinating day since I started doing my masters. I got an opportunity to visit National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) which one of the research labs under Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) along with my fellow classmates and few faculty members from my department in one of the college vans.
On arrival at NAL, we were received by the a person from the Public Relations office of NAL who gave us a brief introduction about NAL and its history. We also got to see a small video about the institute and the work they have carried out till now and also about the on going projects. Then we were guided to another campus a bit further away from the main NAL campus where we met few scientists, who told us that they have a carbon fiber manufacturing plant housed in that facility and they are going to show us around and also let us inspect the equipments . We split into 2 groups and each group was shown around the plant by a team of 2 scientists. They explained each and every step that takes place during the production and the different reactions, reaction conditions etc that takes place in the plant. They were giving out loads of information out of which few things went over my head as I could not comprehend few of the stuff they were talking about. But still I managed to understand a bit of it which I am trying to put out in words.
And in order to make this a bit more informative, I am writing everything that I can recall after the trip in the next few paragraphs. This will sound more like a report than a log. So, Brace yourselves..!!!

NAL and Carbon fibers:

Carbon fibers are important strategic raw materials for fabrication of advanced composite materials. Carbon fiber polymer matrixes are used extensively as light weight structural materials in a large number of applications. Some of the areas where carbon fibers are widely used are: Aerospace structures, Wind Turbine blades, sports equipments, off shore platforms and transportation.

Carbon fiber composites provide very high strength, stiffness and very low weights to the products. These composites can be used to fabricate structures with complicated shapes and sizes with a relative ease. Carbon fiber composites are in use since the past 2 decades in many fields, but all these years India was relying on overseas suppliers for procuring carbon fibers for strategic applications. In order to minimize our dependency on overseas suppliers, CSIR-NAL along with DRDO-ADA initiated research and development towards the development of the production technology for carbon fibers and after a lot of effort, they have managed to design and set up a pilot plant for the production of carbon fibers.

This fully functional plant is located in the NAL facility in Bangalore and manufactures the carbon fibers having a diameter of 7 microns and a density of 1.8 gm/cc.

Among the different methods available for manufacturing the carbon fibers, here they make use of a synthetic polyacrylonitrile polymer which is carbonized by subjecting it to a variety of process in order to get carbon fibers.

The plant has the capacity to synthesize 35kg of polyacrylonitrile per hour and this is done by mixing the Monomer acrylonitrile with other co-monomers like Etagonic Acid, Acrylic acid acryl amide along with water in a CSTR . Here Iron is used as a catalyst to promote polymerization. The polymerization process is a exothermic reaction and in order to maintain the rate of reaction , the heat liberated in the CSTR is removed by passing brine through the outer jacket of the CSTR. The resulting polymer mixture will be a highly viscous and also contains unreacted monomers and water along with it which has to be separated which is done by passing it through a stripping column which is a tower packed with steel packing and the pressure maintained at 150 mmHg inside the tower. The reaction mixture is heated to about 50-60 C to vaporize the monomers and separated. The water is removed by centrifuging the polymer mixture is basket centrifuges at speeds of 4Gs . The remaining polymer is dried using rotary vacuum driers and the obtained polyacrylonitrile powder is stored for further processing.

In the second stage the polyacrylonitrile fibers are manufactured. This is done by mixing the polymer powder along with dimethylacetamine in order to obtain the spinnable dope. This dimethylacetamine is known as coagulant in this process and it forms slurry with the polymer making it easy spin the polymer yarn by passing the mixture through the spinneret to spin the polymer yarn of 50-60 microns diameter. The spinneret is made out of Gold- Platinum and it has 6000 holes of 50 microns each to spin the polymer yarn. There are other spinnerets with 3000 and 12000 holes as well which are used depending upon the requirements. The polymer coming out of the spinneret passes through the coagulant bath where the coagulant will be removed and only the polymer is left behind in the yarn (fiber) spun. The fiber is then made to pass through a series of rollers running at varying speeds in order to stretch the fiber. The final roller will be running at 10- 12 times the speed of the first roller. This also means that the diameter of the fiber would have also reduced from 50- 60 microns to around 12 microns by the end of the process. The fibers are passed through the spin finish during the rolling process in order to obtain a smooth finish as well as to prevent building up of static electricity between the threads. The polymer fiber finally obtained is made into rolls and stored until it is subjected to the next process.

Once the polyacrylonitrile fiber is produces, it has to be subjected to carbonization in order to remove the elements like hydrogen and Nitrogen from the polymer so that only carbon is left behind in order to obtain carbon fibers. This is carried out by further processing of the polymer fibers. The fibers are subjected to 4 more processes in order to obtain carbon fiber.

The polymer fibers are heated to around 250 degrees for a period of 100 minutes using hot cross flowing air. This is known as stabilization process. Then it is passed onto a oven where the temperature ranges from 400-900 C and this step is known as precarbonization. At this stage the fibers have 58%-77% carbon. Then it is subjected to carbonization process in graphite lined ovens where the temperature is over 1400C in an inert atmosphere with nitrogen and devoid of oxygen. Then in the final stage the graphitization is carried out at temperatures ranging over 2600C. The obtained fibers will be 6-7 micron thick with 97-98% of carbon and this is rolled onto bobbins and stored.

These fibers are used to manufacture carbon fiber laminates by sandwiching it in between 2 layers of resin. These laminates and composites of carbon fiber have various uses in the aerospace & space programs, Motorsports, renewable energy and oil exploration and other fields.

This manufacturing process and the plants has been indigenously developed and it reduces the dependency of India on other countries for the supply of Carbon fibers, this provides a significant boost to the Indian defense and space programs.

The technology for the manufacturing of carbon fibers has been transferred to a Gujarat based Kemrock Industries and Exports Limited who has set up a carbon fiber plant and are planning to undertake mass production of the same.

Now, if you managed to read the whole thing without getting bored, I am all praises for your patience and interest and i hope this was informative.

Tuesday, December 14, 2010

Bleed it out...!!


I finally did one of the things I had in my ‘To do’ list. The phrase used for blood donation campaign- ‘Donate Blood, Save Lives’. I hope, the blood I donated will play a part in saving someone’s life. It was 26th of October 2010 and there was a blood donation camp organized in our college. And I was thinking whether to go ahead and participate in it or not. And then I thought I should give it a try, so I made up my mind, overcoming the fear of the needle piercing through my vein I registered myself, got all my vitals checked by a doctor and then declared that I am fit enough to donate blood. And at last , they made me lie down and inserted a needle into my median cubital vein, after strapping the sphygmomanometer around my arm and pumping it in order to elevate the blood pressure which helps the blood to flow through the needle and then into the collecting bag which has anti coagulants and preservatives in it. Within 20 minutes the bag filled up and the donation process was over. It was a minute contribution from my side towards saving lives and I am ready to do it all over again.

Social message: People should get over their misconceptions regarding blood donations and they should actively get involved to help save lives. 'GIVE BLOOD, GIVE LIFE'.

Monday, August 23, 2010

Hi Avy..!!

My bike…!! At last, I made up my mind and decided which bike to buy. The whole idea of buying a bike suddenly got into my mind one evening, then there was no looking back. I started doing a research, thinking which one to buy. I also had to keep in mind that I had been working just for about 6 months, with not the kind of pay the engineers get. And I was not willing to take money from my parents. Wanted to buy it from my own earnings. I had always wanted to own a Thunderbird, but I didn’t want to burden myself with that cruiser, which comes with a price tag above 1.10 lakhs . I started hunting for the alternatives, the bike which I should be owning.. I started off with Hero Honda Hunk, then after getting the feedback from many of my friends, I didn’t find it attractive anymore, and then thought of Pulsar, but that is too common on Indian roads these days. I am someone who would always like to do things differently, and also stand out in the crowd. So, Pulsar is not for me, then Unicorn, again normal is boring. Then zeroed onto the cheapest cruiser the Indian market offers, Avenger from the Bajaj stables, designed along the lines of Kawasaki Eliminator. Thought that is something which I can go for. A cruiser, and being my first bike, its affordable. Decided and then I started making enquiries. I was also having my options open for getting some other bike which will be more fuel efficient than Avenger. But again that meant I would be lost in the crowd.

So at last I decided to get an Avenger as my first bike. I went to the Probiking outlet, and decided that Black should be the color of my bike, booked my vehicle, gave all the required documents, so that I can make use of their finance options. then after 2 days they gave me a call , confirming my order. I deposited the booking charges, then few days later, settled the down payment and closed the deal. Now all I had to do was just wait for their call asking me to go to their showroom and pick up my vehicle.

I got a call from them on 4th of June 2010 asking me to go to their showroom and collect my new vehicle on the same evening. At last, I called up my cousin, and both of us went to collect my brand new Avenger. 1734 hrs on the same day, I came out of Bajaj Probiking seated on a new black Avenger 200. Since then, till now the bike is still running without any problems, but yes, I did meet with an accident within weeks of getting my vehicle. I crashed into a car, Minor injuries and some minor repairs to my bike fork and handle which were bent , my neighborhood mechanic fixed it up for me within few hours … Today is 14th August 2010 , with 4100 kms on my odometer and no other problems till now.. My next bike will be a Royal Enfield I guess.